速報 日本語教育推進法が成立 「共生社会」への大きな一歩に
- 2019/6/21
- ぷらっとニュース, 多文化共生, 日本語議連
- 153 comments
日本語教育推進法が成立 「共生社会」への大きな一歩に
待望の日本語教育推進法案が6月21日に成立した。超党派の日本語教育推進議員連盟(会長・河村建夫元官房長官)が作成した初の日本語教育に関する法律だ。国会審議では扱いが一時棚上げされるなどして関係者をはらはらさせたが、国会の最終盤で成立にこぎつけた。政府が外国人労働者の受け入れ拡大に踏み切る中、日本語教育推進法は外国人の日本語力の向上などに重要な役割を果たすことになりそうだ。それは同時に「共生社会」の構築に向けた大きな一歩になるはずだ。
日本語教育推進法案は5月28日に衆院を通過。参院では別件で与野党が対立し審議が遅れたが、20日の文教科学委員会で可決。21日は午前中の参院本会議に提案され全会一致で可決、成立した。26日に会期末を控え、ぎりぎり間に合った。
日本語教育推進法は、日本語教育の基本理念を定め、日本語教育に関する様々な施策の推進を求めている。そのために日本語教育を国や地方自治体の「責務」とし、外国人を雇用する企業に対しても努力義務を課した。これにより政府は日本語教育全般に責任を持つことになり、国内では文科省が担当部局を整備し、課題の解決に着手することになる。
また、推進法は政府に対し日本語教育推進のための「基本方針」の策定を求め、それを閣議決定することによって、政府全体で日本語教育推進の方針を共有することを目指す。具体的な施策の対象としては、▽外国人児童生徒▽外国人留学生▽外国人等の被用者(従業員・社員)▽難民▽地域における日本語教育(ボランティア団体など)▽国民の理解と関心の増進(広報・啓発活動など)を挙げている。
施策を推進するのにあたっては、関係省庁の垣根を超えた取り組みを進めるために政府内に「日本語教育推進会議」を設置。併せて専門家の意見を聞くための「日本語教育推進関係者会議」を設ける。政府の取り組みだけでなく、地方自治体には、基本的な方針その他の日本語教育の推進に関する重要事項を調査、審議させる「合議制の機関を置くことができる」とした。
さらに「海外における日本語の機会の充実」も明記した。日本語や日本語教育の海外への普及を、経済活力のアップにつなげようという狙いがある。中国は孔子学院を各国に開設し、韓国も言語戦略に力を入れ、自国の言語や文化をソフトパワーとして海外に発信している。これに対し、日本は日本文化を海外に広げる国際交流基金の予算を絞るなど取り組みは、いたって消極的だ。
このほか海外の日本語教育では、在留邦人の日本語教育の取り組みも法律に盛り込んだ。海外での日本語教育は、帰国を前提にした海外駐在員の子供の教育を文科省の関係団体が行っているが、現地の国際結婚の子供らの母語教育は置き去りにされた状態だ。このため日本にルーツを持つ優秀なグローバル人材の「日本離れ」が進んでいるという。こうした面での施策のテコ入れは急務だ。
そもそも日本語教育推進議員連盟は、外国人留学生が日本語を学ぶ日本語学校の法的な位置受けなどを整備することを目的の一つとして発足した経緯がある。にもかかわらず法案作成の段階では対応策がまとまらず、日本語学校問題が事実上先送りされ、附則の「検討事項」に盛り込まれた。日本語学校は、専門学校、各種学校のほか、株式会社立も多い。業界団体も複数あり、業界の合意形成が難しいのが現状だ。
検討事項には「日本語教育を行う機関のうち当該制度の対象となる機関の類型及びその範囲」「日本語教育機関の教育水準の維持向上のための評価制度の在り方」などが盛り込まれた。留学生問題は、東京福祉大が1600人の失踪者を出すなど大学や専門学校でもその管理の在り方が問われている。日本語教育推進法施行で政府がどのような対応をするのか、注目される。
一方、政府は2018年12月に出入国及び難民認定法(入管法)を改正し、19年4月から新たな在留資格「特定技能」による外国人労働者の受け入れを始めた。併せて「外国人材の受入れ・共生のための総合的対応策」をまとめ、その充実策を「骨太の方針」(経済財政運営と改革の基本方針2019)に盛り込む方針だ。
総合的対応策は126の施策で構成し、その中には「円滑なコミュニケーションの実現」として日本語教育の具体策を盛り込んでいる。多言語ICT学習教材の開発・提供、放送大学の教材、NHKの日本語教育コンテンツの活用、夜間中学の設置促進などだ。
こうした取り組みは、日本語教育推進法とオーバーラップする。総合的対応策は施策のメニューを集めたものだが、推進法の成立でその理念や施策に沿った取り組みの推進が加速されることになる。予算措置も容易になるので、施策を大きく進めることも可能になる。
外国人と日本人の円滑なコミュニケーションは、安定した地域社会をつくるための重要な要素だ。都市作りにおける道路整備のようなもの。言葉を代えればインフラ整備だ。日本語教育推進法は、第一条で「多様な文化を尊重した活力ある共生社会の実現」と「諸外国との交流の促進並びに友好関係の維持発展に寄与」することを法の「目的」として掲げている。その成立は、「共生社会」への大きな一歩となるはずだ。
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